To use this calculator, enter one of the following data: the voltage standing waves ratio VSWR, the return loss RL, the reflection coefficient ρ, the power ratio ρ 2, the forward and reflected power P fwd and P ref; or the impedances Z c and Z l. —and calculates both the typical system return loss along with the worst case return loss. e. 64% or ±10 x log10 (103. Figure 14. The ratio of a sinusoidal signal reflected back from the load to the incident signal is called return loss. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined. 9913 and LMR-400 are popular “low-loss” RG-8 types. 5:1 정도로써 입력매칭이 거의 완전하게. In some systems this is not a trivial amount and points to the need for components with low VSWR. Skin Depth Calculator. At 1000 MHz, the S11 (dB) = -RL (dB) = -15 dB. Power Density Calculator is designed to give the power density, in Watts per square meter, at a given distance, output power and antenna gain. Matching Pi Attenuator Calculator. Convert the load VSWR to load return loss per the following equation: RL Improved = 2*Attenuator + RL Load [dB] (where RL=Return Loss) Of course, the method can be reversed to predict the attenuator required to improve a load VSWR by a predetermined amount. 17. Loss increases with distance, so understanding the FSPL is an essential parameter for engineers dealing with RF communications systems. 98 dB return loss. Upon arriving back at the source, part of the reflected wave is coupled back. The calculator is a spreadsheet that accepts VSWR specifications for all the components in your RF Path—tower mounted amplifiers, diplexers, bias tees, etc. Online SWR Calculator. Calculate the VSWR to 1 decimal place. When creating PCB prototypes that conduct alternating current (AC) at radio frequency, designs must compensate for the effects of the current waves on the prototype material. 5:1. In addition, the calculation takes into account the effect of signal attenuation in the transmission line. Using complex impedance is an important technique for handling multi-component AC circuits. 92 dB 0. e. Since it is a logarithmic measurement, it is very useful when displaying very small reflections. The VSWR/return loss calculator from Pasternack will find VSWR, return Loss, mismatch loss, and the reflection coefficient given any one of. Even if a computerYoni Calculator Online Test System Configurator ezSample. The formula for insertion loss in decibels (dB) is: Insertion Loss (dB) = 10 * log10 (Pin / Pout) Where: Pin is the input power or signal level. The VSWR is an important measure of the quality of a radio antenna system. used to calculate the various values of impedances, voltages, currents, and SWR values that exist in the operation of a par-ticular transmission line. VSWR = Voltage standing wave ratio This calculator uses the following formulas for converting the values between the VSWR, return loss, reflection coefficient, and mismatch loss. 1) (2. Requires Windows 7 (64 Bit) or higher. VSWR Calculator. 1. The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio of the maximum amplitude to the minimum magnitude of the voltage standing wave at an input port of an antenna. Calculates the resistor values, attenuation, minimum attenuation, impedance, reflection coefficient, VSWR and return loss of a resistive matching Pi attenuator. Noise Conversion Calculator. 1-800-761-3041 Contact Account Cart Search Waveform. If a complex plane is used with resistance along the real axis then the reactances of the capacitor and inductor are treated as imaginary numbers. In some cases, users require a custom impedance value. Note: If you select a waveguide size from the dropdown below, the broad wall width will be automatically calculated along with the other results. This online reflection coefficient to return loss calculator calculates the return loss (dB) by entering the reflection efficient Γ (= value. It also shows the percentage of forward to reflected power. 5:1 VSWR that appears on. 1) VSWR. Particularly, reflected power and mismatch loss help describe the. S-parameters, S11 and S21. 15. Directivity, on the other hand, is the level of the signal which appears at Port 4 and is undesired. Figure 2: VSWR Measurement Principle The return loss at the input and output ports can be calculated from the respective reflection coefficients as follows: Input return loss (RL IN) is a scalar measure of how close the actual input impedance of the network is to theThen computing VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) is easy:. Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source. vswr-rl変換する計算ツールです。 イノベーションtop; 研究開発の実績; 博士の電波講座; アンテナ作りのこだわりMatchCalc™ RF Design Calculator. Our RF calculators and converters will provide the figures you need for your radio frequency engineering needs. The concept behind the Smith Chart is simple. 7. The VSWR is a measure of the efficiency of a transmission line and is used to determine how well the line is matched to the impedance of the. Polar or rectangular grids only allow direct reading of S11. vary with frequency). VSWR (:1) Return Loss (dB) Reflection Coefficient (Γ) Mismatch loss (dB) Reflected Power (%) Through Power (%) VSWR Calculator. , there is no standing wave). 표현할 때는 VSWR 값을 어떤 비율값처럼 표현하는데, 예를 들어 아래수식에 의해 VSWR이 3으로 계산되는 경우는 VSWR이 3 : 1 이다 라는 식으로 표현한다. Calculate VSWR and Return Loss from Zload (or Yload or S11) and Zo; Calculate Vmax, Vmin, Imax, Imin for lossless line from Zload (or Yload) and Zo; Calculate transmission line Matched Line Loss from Rin of o/c or s/c resonant section; Calculate luminous flux (lm) from luminous intensity (cd) and apex angle (°) Calculate irradiance flux (W/m^2. In some cases, users require a custom impedance value. The VSWR/return loss calculator from Pasternack will find VSWR, return Loss, mismatch loss, and the reflection coefficient given any one of the listed input types. VSWR Calculator The VSWR Calculator is a program for reflection unit conversion. Return Loss or a VSWR: return loss (dB) (evaluated as neg. 8. حساب رل: انقر فوق الزر "حساب" أو "حساب"، وسوف تستخدم الآلة الحاسبة الصيغة لتحديد قيمة RL المقابلة. (3) ea 90°E-Bend - 1. LC Impedance matching network designer Enter the input and output impedances to be matched and the centre frequency. Fairview Microwave's Waveguide Calculator provides the cutoff frequency, operating frequency range and closest waveguide size for a rectangular waveguide based on the custom inputted broad wall width. Note that we have a VSWR calculator that will allow you to convert between VSWR, mismatch loss and return loss!. Let’s start by looking at a 2-port device illustrated in Figure 1. On the other hand, VSWR and the reflection coefficient are connected by the equation: VSWR = (1+|Γ. VSWR Calculator. Conclusion: In summary, RL and VSWR formulas and calculators are valuable tools that enhance the efficiency, accuracy and consistency of RF engineering tasks such as measurement, analysis, troubleshooting and system design. If there is something in the microwave universe that you need a different calculator for, drop us a note and we'll see what we. This configurator will generate a bill of materials for a Constellation power delivery system. VSWR: RL (dB) 1. 예를 들어 Return loss가 10dB 정도라면, VSWR은 2:1 이하가 되어서 입력매칭이 비교적 잘된 경우로 평가하며, Return loss가 14 dB 정도가 되면 VSWR은 1. S. As an example, input power of 100 W (50 dBm) and output of 50 W (47 dBm) yields a cable. Using our 1 foot equals one nanosecond rule of thumb, let's calculate the 0. These are the standard set of equations for converting between VSWR, return loss, and reflection coefficient (Γ). The calculated value is MUCH worse. 43. Power (dBm) = 10 x Log [ Power (Watts) ] + 30 dB. 05 VSWR max. In addition, the calculation takes into account the effect of signal attenuation in the transmission line. 5:1 정도로써 입력매칭이 거의 완전하게. 1) (2. Forward Power (dBm)Skin depth calculator Stripline Impedance calculator Smith charts VSWR/Return loss converter Wavelength calculator Wilkinson splitter designer. A calculator designed to compute the VSWR, reflection coefficient, return loss and matching loss in a transmission lineThis VSWR calculator will calculate return loss, mismatch loss, loss in percentage and the reflection coefficient. Elite RF. R is the symbol for return loss, which as previously discussed is the ratio, in decibels, of incident power P incident to reflected power P reflected, or incident voltage to reflected voltage, described in the following two formulas. Return loss and VSWR are two important measures of efficient power transmission and both of them can be interconverted to obtain the value. 5 10. 64/100) = ±0. The flexible types (9913F and LMR-400UF) are preferred, particularly for rotatable antennas. This is an online calculator that calculates Return Loss based on Reflection Coefficient. 0. But, for a practical system, there will be a small impedance. Return Loss. It is specified in dB. In one typical RF application, VSWR is used to measure the amount of reflection due to impedance mismatch. com +1 (718) 934 4500 +1 (800) 654 7949. The return loss at the input and output ports can be calculated from the reflection coefficient, S 11 or S 22, as follows: RL IN = 20log10|S 11 | dB. VTX Power in mW. cdn-anritsu. The lower the VSWR is, the better the antenna is impedance-matched to the transmission line and the higher the power delivered to the antenna. Return Loss and Mismatch Loss Calculator Calculates the absolute load impedance, reflection coefficient, VSWR, return loss and mismatch loss of a load. In this Inside Wireless episode we will look at Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), |S11|, and Return Loss. , there is no standing wave). 1Return Loss. If the antenna reflects 250 watts the VSWR at the antenna will be 1. and is usually expressed as a ratio, such as VSWR = 3:1. 19. 0 is the minimum. 045 foot length of this part in smaller units: 0. Directivity and VSWR Measurements. 0 indicates about 75% of the power is delivered to the antenna (1. Calculates the resistor values, attenuation, 'impedance', reflection coefficient, VSWR and return loss of a Pi attenuator. Load serial resistance and reactance ohm. (also called insertion loss). e. 01:1 to 3. Use the S11 value in the calculator above to find the equivalent VSWR. The main cause of the mismatch is the deviation in the con-Ο υπολογιστής vswr σε rl χρησιμοποιεί αυτόν τον τύπο για να μετατρέψει τις τιμές vswr σε τιμές rl. Fill in the input field and select the input type and click the "calculate" button to show the values. 5 0. 98 dB return loss. Useful converters and calculators Return loss (RL) is the ratio of the reflected power to the incident power, in decibels (dB). vswr-rl変換する計算ツールです。 イノベーションtop; 研究開発の実績; 博士の電波講座; アンテナ作りのこだわりVSWR Calculator. 5 0 0. 97dB. This bounce back reflection is called “return”. Calculate VSWR, Return Loss, etc. S21 is the transmission coefficient of Port 2. It is due to inherent imbalances in directional devices. 0 0. Enter. 예를 들어 Return loss가 10dB 정도라면, VSWR은 2:1 이하가 되어서 입력매칭이 비교적 잘된 경우로 평가하며, Return loss가 14 dB 정도가 되면 VSWR은 1. multiplier m=1 RL=50*1 multiplier n=-4 XL=40*-4 multiplier k=2 Z0=50*k Q2: An antenna with a load, ZL=RL+jXL, is connected to a lossless transmission line Z0? What is the phase angle of the reflection coefficient in degrees toRelated Calculators. VSWR Calculator. T Attenuator Calculator. Reflection Calculator. This trace would typically be accepted as good. e. A known return loss is applied to the RF OUT port. When you look at a graph of a return loss formula, the negative sign is often omitted and is sometimes used interchangeably with the S11 parameter. 211 0. Values for L and C will be calculated for the four topologies shown. Keep in mind that some calculators for RF have hard-coded units; if the label says (nF), for example. In this case, you may also need to calculate localized heating due to a current standing wave. Fortunately, there’s a very easy way to analyze complex loads using graphical methods and it’s called the Smith Chart. Please Support RF Cafe by purchasing my ridiculously low−priced products, all of which I created. Let’s start by looking at a 2-port device illustrated in Figure 1. Return Loss VSWR Reflection. As an example of common VSWR values, a VSWR of 3. The new calculator remains Excel-based; however, provides an enhanced interface so users can: Add radio/tester as a component as it impacts some calculation. return loss Calculator (by using VSWR) Skin. 12] = 6 dB. g. The input to the antenna will be 8,511 watts. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a way to measure transmission line imperfections. 064 36. To convert from VSWR to Return Loss, find the VSWR value in the left column. 51 dB, and a return loss of 9. This can be built into a FLEXI-BOX and a transmission line (50 Ohm track) PCB is available which easily adapts for this circuit with one simple trimming. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), or often given as just standing wave ratio (SWR), is the ratio between the transmitted and reflected voltage standing waves at a signal chain element incident node. 2 times the minimum voltage along that line, if the line is at least one half wavelength long. Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator. The ideal condition, whereYou can assume power dissipation to be uniform, provided the assembly does not operate in high VSWR/return-loss conditions. 14 dB per hundred feet. Summarizing: Directivity is ratio of power density in a specified direction to the power density averaged over all directions at the same distance from the antenna. If we measure the power of a reflected signal from an antenna near a radio transmitter, the measurement of the reflected signal’s amplitude at this juncture compared to the initially transmitted. 000:يتضمن استخدام حاسبة VSWR إلى RL الخطوات التالية: أدخل قيمة VSWR: أدخل قيمة VSWR التي تريد تحويلها إلى RL. 8. Return Loss and Mismatch Loss Calculator. You can take the readings from. Most RF Coaxial Cables have an impedance of 50 ohms or 75 ohms. Enter VSWR, Reflection Coefficient, or Return Loss to calculate remaining values. This calculator computes the VSWR, reflection coefficient, return loss and matching loss in a transmission line. VSWR, or the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, is the ratio of the maximum standing wave amplitude at one node to the minimum amplitude at another node in a system. R = 20log 10 (E incident /E reflected)Pasternack's RF Calculators and Conversions section provides engineers valuable and easy-to-use tools ranging from complex mathematical formulas to simple conversions. Return Loss (dB) VSWR. Custom. Linkedin. Cable impedance ohm. Suppose the wave is not matched with load and signal there is some unwanted signals are interrupted or signal loss is occurred. When a transmitted wave hits a boundary such as the one between the lossless transmission line and load (Figure 1), some energy will be transmitted to the. This tool calculates the S11 from the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). 000:Calculate SWR and return loss from impedance values. VSWR to Return Loss Reference/Conversion Table. 011. Upon arriving back at the source, part of the reflected wave. A calculator designed to compute the VSWR,return loss and matching loss in a transmission line. 34:1 or a return loss of 16. RL = 20 * log10 ( (VSWR + 1) / (VSWR - 1)) RL = 20 ∗ log10( (V S W R + 1)/(V S W R − 1)) Variables: RL is the Return Loss (dB) VSWR is the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. Calculate VSWR, Return Loss, etc. VSWR is the ratio of voltage applied. Email. Calculate impedance from resistance and reactance in parallel. Formally, S11 is the negative of return loss and has. As an example of common VSWR values, a VSWR of 3. If the power incident on a load is Pi P i and the power reflected by the load is Pr P r, then the return loss in decibels is [6, 7] RLdB = 10 log Pi Pr (2. Do y. Interactive Tools & Calculators. SWR Excel SheetMeasured VSWR = ratio: RL dB: VSWR at antenna = ratio: RL dB: Power into/at antenna = watts: Power reflected from/at antenna = watts: Notes: Maximum Power rating for RG213 cable is 250 watts taking into account environmental de-rating. Pout is the output power or signal level. Use the S11 value in the calculator above to find the equivalent VSWR. Therefore, a VSWR of less than 1. The following formula is used to calculate the Return Loss (RL) from Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). Click here for VSWR to RL CalculatorReturn Loss to VSWR Reference/Conversion Table. The VSWR is a measure of the matching of the antenna to the source and feeder cables. 5 dB, (or a VSWR of 1. VSWR measures the ratio of voltage peaks and valleys. ERP, Line Loss and Various Calculators, Antenna Voltage and Current and Feedline Voltage and Current. 05 + 1. Return loss can be measured by using microwave and RF test equipment such as a signal generator, directional coupler along with a spectrum analyser or power meter, or alternatively by using a. 64/100) = ±0. A VSWR of 6 or more is pretty high and will generally need to be improved. By Marki Microwave, Posted Wed May 19 2010. This general RF calculator includes calculations of path loss, VSWR and wavelength as well as conversions between many common terms used in the wireless industry. 1) RL dB = 10 log P i P r. Subscribe to receive Mini-Circuits News. It turns out that -13. 0708,min,max = =A VSWR value of 2 or under is typically acceptable for antennae in communications systems. VSWR Return Loss Calculator. Suitable for VHF (~1. As an example, input power of 100 W (50 dBm) and output of 50 W (47 dBm) yields a cable. 005 Γ 0 0, 1 01 VSWR 1 0and RL 40 dB, which is difficult to achieve in reality. The corresponding value in the right column is the VSWR value. Moreover, return loss is the relationship between both the reflection coefficient (Γ) and the. Home Return Loss to VSWR Conversion Chart Due to mismatches in impedance within the connector, some of the signal is reflected. 예를 들어 Return loss가 10dB 정도라면, VSWR은 2:1 이하가 되어서 입력매칭이 비교적 잘된 경우로 평가하며, Return loss가 14 dB 정도가. การใช้งาน vswr: หน้าที่หลักของ vswr : เสาอากาศส่งสัญญาณ: อัตราส่วนคลื่นนิ่งของแรงดันไฟฟ้า (vswr) เป็นตัวบ่งชี้จำนวนค่าที่ไม่ตรงกันระหว่างค่า ante nna และ. 12] = 6 dB. Calculate SWR and return loss from impedance values. RL OUT = 20log10|S 22 | dB This calculator computes the VSWR, reflection coefficient, return loss and matching loss in a transmission line. Please Support RF Cafe by purchasing my ridiculously low−priced products, all of which I created. Pi Attenuator Calculator. Here's the unwrapped phase of S21:by Eamon Nash Download PDF. It is related to return loss as follows. VSWR table of return loss vs. Return Loss (RL) = 10 * log(Pr/Pi) Return Loss (RL) in dB = -20* log(Γ) Lesser value of return loss indicates higher impedance matching and vice versa. comThere are many antenna parameters out there. Πώς να χρησιμοποιήσει; Η χρήση του υπολογιστή vswr σε rl περιλαμβάνει τα ακόλουθα βήματα:Descriptions of IL and RL with examples of how the measurements relate to the ratio of Pout to Pin, and Preflected to PinIn fact, striplines often make components such as band-pass filter's more accurately, with more symmetric roll-off and no lower cutoff frequency. Forward Power vs Return Loss Calculator RF calculators and converters. 405 inch. 1060. g. Advanced Control Components Inc HUBER+SUHNER AG Wellshow Technology Omega Electronics : Most Viewed Articles 6-26. Since the antennas showed low return losses compared to. Note that we have a VSWR calculator that will allow you to convert between VSWR, mismatch loss and return loss!. 2. Stripline Impedance calculator Smith charts VSWR/Return loss converter Wavelength calculator Wilkinson splitter designer. The VSWR can then be calculated from the return loss (RL) with the following equation. The wave 1 going into the n-port at port 1 is derived from the a voltage wave going into a. 009. But the meter at the transmitter will show a VSWR of 1. (also called insertion loss). Because of this, the effects of mismatch can be minimized by selecting an attenuator with the lowest possible VSWR. VSWR is the voltage standing wave ratio it used to measure the all-types waves (example: antenna waves) during transmission. Most RF Coaxial Cables have an impedance of 50 ohms or 75 ohms. Return Loss (dB) 3. By definition currents going into the n-port are counted positively and currents flowing out of the n-port negatively. Calculates the resistor values, attenuation, minimum attenuation, 'impedance', reflection coefficient, VSWR and return loss of a matching Pi attenuator. 707. This calculator computes the VSWR, reflection coefficient, return loss and matching loss in a transmission line. [email protected] insertion loss, return loss is also generally described in decibels of power. USA CHINA MALAYSIA INDIA ISRAEL UNITED KINGDOM. Suitable for higher power (~1800 watts) at HF. If VSWR is known, then the reflection coefficient (Γ), return loss (RL), and mismatch loss (ML) is calculated by using following formulas. voltage standing wave ratio 020710. The VSWR is a measure of the matching of the antenna to the source and feeder cables. VSWR can also be complex (Re+jIm, in theory) but most people just use it with "Real" values and is always >= 1. Two years ago, one of our most respected RF experts, Lou Meyer, wrote a blog post describing the technicalities of return loss and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and how the multiple components at a cell site tower make the calculations more complex. A power meter may also be used to calculate cable loss. from Forward and Reflected Power: Transmitter Forward Power : Watts: System Reflected Power : Watts: VSWR = Reflection Coefficient = Return Loss = dB: Match Efficiency = % Net. These parameters are often applied to antennas, RF filters and RF amplifiers such as LNA s and PA s. Radio Frequency Engineering Calculator. Clear. 43. In Figure 14, the ADL5920 is being used to measure the return loss of the load, also at 1 GHz. 1. A calculator designed to compute and calculate the VSWR, return Loss of a circuit and matching loss in a transmission line based on the parameters you enter. 3. Reflection Coef. Standing Wafes merupakan daya yang tidak diterima oleh beban dan dipantulkan Kembali sepanjang saluran transmisi. **Note: All of our calculators allow SI prefix input. Formula Voltage standing wave ratio is equals to one plus toue (Γ) is reciprocal of one minus toue (Γ) Toue (Γ) is equals to Voltage standing wave ratio minus one reciprocal of. For series combinations of components such as RL and RC combinations, the. VSWR ( VSWR meaning Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) is an important concept in radio frequency (RF) engineering. 44 . Note that in general S-parameters are a function of frequency (i. VSWR is the voltage standing wave ratio it used to measure the all-types waves (example: antenna waves) during transmission. VSWR to Return Loss . 25 dB of mismatch loss); a VSWR of 7. $\begingroup$ If that was the only information you were given, you would first find the return loss looking at the load, then use system 2's S matrix to find the RL looking into it, then do the same with system 1 until you finally have the RL looking into the entire network. As we know that the reflection coefficient defines the amount of the electromagnetic wave is reflected due to the impedance discontinuity in a transmission path. A SWR can be also defined as the ratio of the maximum amplitude to. Return Loss (dB) = 10 x Log ( Pr / Pf ) Match Efficiency (%) = 100% x (1 - Pr / Pf)The VNAs with math modes can also directly calculate and display the resulting VSWR value. Just enter the forward and reflected power in watts. Step 4. 091) (0. com . 0 indicates about 75% of the power is delivered to the antenna (1. These measurements show the user the match of the system. Calculate VSWR and Return Loss from Zload (or Yload or S11) and Zo; Calculate Vmax, Vmin, Imax, Imin for lossless line from Zload (or Yload) and Zo; Calculate transmission line Matched Line Loss from Rin of o/c or s/c resonant section; Calculate luminous flux (lm) from luminous intensity (cd) and apex angle (°) Calculate irradiance flux (W/m^2. 13 24. VSWR table of return loss vs. The return loss & VSWR is related by the following formula, from which we can calculate return loss for a given VSWR. 3 dB. so, for instance “. This can be achieved by regulating the inner and outer diameter of the coaxial cable, along with the. VSWR: RL (dB) 1. Measure S11 across the desired frequency range. 9913 and LMR-400 are popular “low-loss” RG-8 types. This is an online calculator that calculates Return Loss based on VSWR. When ZL ≠ Z0 there must be a reflected wave with appropriate. 0001, J2)". These equations can be solved with a personal computer and suitable software, or the parameters may be determined with the Smith Chart. 4. This application note supplies a free of charge software tool that can e. VSWR. 1) VSWR Calculation. Convert VSWR to Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient, and Mismatch Loss with our easy conversion calculator. offices email call. For series combinations of components such as RL and RC combinations, the. This impedance mismatch can be with a device inserted in the line or with the terminating load. In summary, return loss is the loss of signal power due to signal reflection or return by a discontinuity in a fiber-optic link or transmission line. SWR / Return Loss Calculator will find VSWR, Return Loss, Mismatch Loss, and the Reflection Coefficient given any one of the listed input types. number) VSWR or % Reflected Power: MHz: a wavelength in inches or feet: Get Help. transmitter) with the load (i. Click here for RL to VSWR CalculatorKnowing Return Loss (RL), calculate voltage reflection coefficient Rho= 10^(-RL/20). Return loss vs. VSWR can be generated by Network Analysers. VSWR. How to Calculate VSWR . Yoni Calculator Online Test System Configurator ezSample. e. Note: The historical definition of return loss results in a negative sign. 14 dB per hundred feet. transmitter) with the load (i. number) VSWR or % Reflected Power: MHz: a wavelength in inches or feet: Get Help. 3 1700–2200 MHz 1. How to improve the Return Loss of an amplifier. 8ghz. The relationship between composite return loss and individual return loss in the constructive condition of identical mismatches is that the composite VSWR is the the square of the individual VSWRs.